PRESENT (ACTIVE) AND PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

A.    PRESENT (ACTIVE) PARTICIPLE

Present (active) participle menunjukkan kegiatan aktif.

1.         Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

Form:

______V-ing ______+ S + P

                 having            + V₃    

Keterangan:

V-ing dan having V₁ yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.     Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Eating too much, I had a stomachache. (I had a stomachache because of too much eating.)

b.    Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having opened the door, I find my TV is gone. (After I have opened the door, I find my TV is gone.)

c.     Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eating, he watches the TV. (While he is eating, he watches the TV.)

2.      Jika Subjek Melakukan Dua pekerjaan pada Saat yang Sama

Form:  S + V + V-ing + Object

e.g. -- She sings dancing around. (She sings and dances around.)

3.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S₁ + Verb (senses) + S₂ + V-ing

Keterangan:

·         V-ing mengikuti verb panca indera seperti : see, notice, observe, watch, find, smell, listen, hear, feel.

e.g. -- When I entered the house, I heard the baby crying.

·         Jika diikuti V_1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal sampai akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing peristiwanya tidak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.

4.      Digunakan sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V-ing

e.g. -- I meet a handsome boy who smiles. (Relative pronoun)

       -- I meet a smiling handsome boy. (Active participle)

5.      Membentuk Noun Phrase

Form: V-ing + N

e.g. -- I see a singing bird.

B.     PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

Past (passive) participle menunjukkan kegiatan pasif.

1.      Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

V₃ dan having been yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.       Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Surrounded by river, the village has floating shops.

                   (Because/as/since the village is surrounded by rives, the village has floating shops.)       

b.      Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having been bitten by a dog, Romi became scare of dogs.

(After Romi had been bitten by a dog, he became scare of dogs.)

c.       Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eaten the meal, he watched the movie.

(While he is eating the meal, he watches the movie.)

2.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S + Verb (senses) + benda + being V₃

Keterangan:

V₃ mengikuti verb panca indera jika objeknya adalah objek pasif (benda).

e.g. -- When I stopped at a traffic light, I saw a poor boy being beaten by a man.

3.  Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V₃

Keterangan:

Dalam kalimat, V₃ berfungsi menerangkan noun (kata benda) mengacu arti yang di…

e.g. -- The picture which is painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful.

-- The picture painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful. (Passive participle)

4. Membentuk Frasa Kata Benda

Form: V₃ + N = yang di/ter…

e.g. -- A broken heart. (hati yang terluka)

-- Hidden treasure. (harta karun yang terpendam)

-- Written testimony. (pengakuan yang tertulis)

Refference:

Bakir, R. Suyoto. 2012. Strategi Sukses TOEFL. Pamulang: PAPERPLUS Publiser (Page 152-155).