PRESENT (ACTIVE) AND PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

A.    PRESENT (ACTIVE) PARTICIPLE

Present (active) participle menunjukkan kegiatan aktif.

1.         Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

Form:

______V-ing ______+ S + P

                 having            + V₃    

Keterangan:

V-ing dan having V₁ yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.     Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Eating too much, I had a stomachache. (I had a stomachache because of too much eating.)

b.    Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having opened the door, I find my TV is gone. (After I have opened the door, I find my TV is gone.)

c.     Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eating, he watches the TV. (While he is eating, he watches the TV.)

2.      Jika Subjek Melakukan Dua pekerjaan pada Saat yang Sama

Form:  S + V + V-ing + Object

e.g. -- She sings dancing around. (She sings and dances around.)

3.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S₁ + Verb (senses) + S₂ + V-ing

Keterangan:

·         V-ing mengikuti verb panca indera seperti : see, notice, observe, watch, find, smell, listen, hear, feel.

e.g. -- When I entered the house, I heard the baby crying.

·         Jika diikuti V_1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal sampai akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing peristiwanya tidak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.

4.      Digunakan sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V-ing

e.g. -- I meet a handsome boy who smiles. (Relative pronoun)

       -- I meet a smiling handsome boy. (Active participle)

5.      Membentuk Noun Phrase

Form: V-ing + N

e.g. -- I see a singing bird.

B.     PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

Past (passive) participle menunjukkan kegiatan pasif.

1.      Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

V₃ dan having been yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.       Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Surrounded by river, the village has floating shops.

                   (Because/as/since the village is surrounded by rives, the village has floating shops.)       

b.      Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having been bitten by a dog, Romi became scare of dogs.

(After Romi had been bitten by a dog, he became scare of dogs.)

c.       Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eaten the meal, he watched the movie.

(While he is eating the meal, he watches the movie.)

2.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S + Verb (senses) + benda + being V₃

Keterangan:

V₃ mengikuti verb panca indera jika objeknya adalah objek pasif (benda).

e.g. -- When I stopped at a traffic light, I saw a poor boy being beaten by a man.

3.  Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V₃

Keterangan:

Dalam kalimat, V₃ berfungsi menerangkan noun (kata benda) mengacu arti yang di…

e.g. -- The picture which is painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful.

-- The picture painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful. (Passive participle)

4. Membentuk Frasa Kata Benda

Form: V₃ + N = yang di/ter…

e.g. -- A broken heart. (hati yang terluka)

-- Hidden treasure. (harta karun yang terpendam)

-- Written testimony. (pengakuan yang tertulis)

Refference:

Bakir, R. Suyoto. 2012. Strategi Sukses TOEFL. Pamulang: PAPERPLUS Publiser (Page 152-155).

    

EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE INVERTED CONSTRUCTIONS

A.  Never

1.      Never do they go to library every Monday.

2.      Never did they go to library every Monday.

3.      Never will they go to library every Monday.    

4.      Never can they go to library every Monday.

5.      Never had they gone to library every Monday.

B.  Seldom

1.      Seldom does he do the assignments on time.

2.      Seldom did he do the assignments on time.      

3.      Seldom will he do the assignments on time.

4.      Seldom can he do the assignments on time.

5.      Seldom had he done the assignments on time.

C.  Not only…but also

1.      Not only does Shanty cook fried rice but also she makes brownies.

2.     Not only did Shanty cook fried rice but also she made brownies.

3.     Not only will Shanty cook fried rice but also she will make brownies.

4.     Not only can Shanty cook fried rice but also she can make brownies.

5.     Not only had Shanty cooked fried rice but also she had made brownies.

D.  Rarely

1.       Rarely does he play football in the campus.

2.      Rarely did he play football in the campus.

3.      Rarely will he play football in the campus.

4.      Rarely can he play football in the campus.

5.      Rarely had he played football in the campus.