PRESENT (ACTIVE) AND PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

A.    PRESENT (ACTIVE) PARTICIPLE

Present (active) participle menunjukkan kegiatan aktif.

1.         Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

Form:

______V-ing ______+ S + P

                 having            + V₃    

Keterangan:

V-ing dan having V₁ yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.     Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Eating too much, I had a stomachache. (I had a stomachache because of too much eating.)

b.    Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having opened the door, I find my TV is gone. (After I have opened the door, I find my TV is gone.)

c.     Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eating, he watches the TV. (While he is eating, he watches the TV.)

2.      Jika Subjek Melakukan Dua pekerjaan pada Saat yang Sama

Form:  S + V + V-ing + Object

e.g. -- She sings dancing around. (She sings and dances around.)

3.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S₁ + Verb (senses) + S₂ + V-ing

Keterangan:

·         V-ing mengikuti verb panca indera seperti : see, notice, observe, watch, find, smell, listen, hear, feel.

e.g. -- When I entered the house, I heard the baby crying.

·         Jika diikuti V_1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal sampai akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing peristiwanya tidak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.

4.      Digunakan sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V-ing

e.g. -- I meet a handsome boy who smiles. (Relative pronoun)

       -- I meet a smiling handsome boy. (Active participle)

5.      Membentuk Noun Phrase

Form: V-ing + N

e.g. -- I see a singing bird.

B.     PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE

Past (passive) participle menunjukkan kegiatan pasif.

1.      Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat

V₃ dan having been yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna:

a.       Kejadian sebab akibat

e.g. -- Surrounded by river, the village has floating shops.

                   (Because/as/since the village is surrounded by rives, the village has floating shops.)       

b.      Kejadian berurutan

e.g. -- Having been bitten by a dog, Romi became scare of dogs.

(After Romi had been bitten by a dog, he became scare of dogs.)

c.       Kejadian bersamaan

e.g. -- Eaten the meal, he watched the movie.

(While he is eating the meal, he watches the movie.)

2.      Setelah Objek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi

Form: S + Verb (senses) + benda + being V₃

Keterangan:

V₃ mengikuti verb panca indera jika objeknya adalah objek pasif (benda).

e.g. -- When I stopped at a traffic light, I saw a poor boy being beaten by a man.

3.  Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun

Form: Sentence + N + V₃

Keterangan:

Dalam kalimat, V₃ berfungsi menerangkan noun (kata benda) mengacu arti yang di…

e.g. -- The picture which is painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful.

-- The picture painted by Ms. Elizabeth is beautiful. (Passive participle)

4. Membentuk Frasa Kata Benda

Form: V₃ + N = yang di/ter…

e.g. -- A broken heart. (hati yang terluka)

-- Hidden treasure. (harta karun yang terpendam)

-- Written testimony. (pengakuan yang tertulis)

Refference:

Bakir, R. Suyoto. 2012. Strategi Sukses TOEFL. Pamulang: PAPERPLUS Publiser (Page 152-155).

    

EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE INVERTED CONSTRUCTIONS

A.  Never

1.      Never do they go to library every Monday.

2.      Never did they go to library every Monday.

3.      Never will they go to library every Monday.    

4.      Never can they go to library every Monday.

5.      Never had they gone to library every Monday.

B.  Seldom

1.      Seldom does he do the assignments on time.

2.      Seldom did he do the assignments on time.      

3.      Seldom will he do the assignments on time.

4.      Seldom can he do the assignments on time.

5.      Seldom had he done the assignments on time.

C.  Not only…but also

1.      Not only does Shanty cook fried rice but also she makes brownies.

2.     Not only did Shanty cook fried rice but also she made brownies.

3.     Not only will Shanty cook fried rice but also she will make brownies.

4.     Not only can Shanty cook fried rice but also she can make brownies.

5.     Not only had Shanty cooked fried rice but also she had made brownies.

D.  Rarely

1.       Rarely does he play football in the campus.

2.      Rarely did he play football in the campus.

3.      Rarely will he play football in the campus.

4.      Rarely can he play football in the campus.

5.      Rarely had he played football in the campus.

NEGATIVE INVERTED CONSTRUCTION

Negative inversion, also referred to as declarative negative auxiliary inversion (NAI) in Lisa Green's work, refers to declarative clauses in which a negated auxiliary or modal precedes a quantificational (or indefinite) subject, as exemplified in (1):

(1) a. Can't nobody beat 'em. (African American English; Labov et al. 1968)
     b. Didn't nobody get hurt or nothin'. (Appalachian English; Wolfram and Christian 1976)
     c. Won't anybody hit us. (Alabama English; Feagin 1979)
     d. Cain't all o' ya go at once. (West Texas English; Foreman 1999)

Negative inversion constructions always have a well-formed non-inverted counterpart. Sentences exhibiting negative inversion are given in the (a) examples and their non-inverted counterparts are given in the (b) examples.
(1)  a. Ain't nobody know about no club. (AAE; Labov 1972)
       b. Nobody ain't know about no club. (AAE; Labov 1972)
(2)  a. Didn't everybody go to the party. (WTE; Foreman 1999)
       b. Everybody didn't go to the party. (WTE; Foreman 1999) 


In the southern white speaker varieties, negative inversion constructions are compatible with expletives.
(1)  a. They didn't nobody like him. (AnE; Feagin 1979)
       b. They can’t many people say that. (AppE; Dante Oral History Project)
       c. We don't any of us need anything. (AppE; Montgomery & Hall 2004)
       d. There didn't five of em go to sleep, and I thought they was gonna be trouble. (WTE; William Salmon p.c.)
Negative inversion constructions are incompatible with expletives in African American English, as in (16).
(1)  a. *There didn't nobody laugh. (AAE; Martin and Wolfram 1998)
       b. *It can't no man round here get enough money to buy they own farm. (AAE; Martin and Wolfram 1998)
       c. *Dey didn't nobody see it. (AAE; Weldon 1994)
       d. *It don't nobody be drinking tea. (AAE; Green 2006)

Negative inversion is often said to co-occur with negative concord in African American English. The co-occurrence typically refers to the availability of subjects headed by no, as in the (a) examples, and the unavailability of subjects headed by NPI any, as in the (b) examples.
(1)  a. Don't nobody break up a fight. (AAE; Labov 1972)
       b. *Don't anybody break up a fight. (AAE)

Other types of subjects that are not negative are possible, such as subjects headed by a and many.
(1)  a. Ain't a damn thing changed. (AAE; Parrott 2000)
       b. Don't many of them live around here. (AAE; Labov 1972

In the southern white speech varieties, however, both subjects headed by no and subjects headed by any are possible.
(1)  a. Hain't nobody hardly believed it. (AppE; Wolfram and Christian 1976)
       b. Dudn't anybody seem to understand... (AnE; Feagin 1979)
(2)  a. Won't none of the students go to the party. (WTE; Foreman 1999)
       b. Didn't any of them answer the question. (WTE; William Salmon p.c.)
 
In the literature on African American English, negative inversion constructions are distinguished from existential negative inversion in which the auxiliary is the copula be (henceforth existential 'be'). The two constructions look superficially similar, as a negated copula occurs clause-initially and is followed by an indefinite subject. Some examples of existential 'be' constructions are given in (1).
(1)  a. Wasn't nobody home. (AAE; Labov et al. 1968)
       b. Ain't no farmer made money this year. (AAE; Martin 1993)

 It can be difficult to tell the two constructions apart because ain't can have several meanings. It can be the negative copula be+n't, but it can also be the negative perfect auxiliary corresponding to have+n't in Standard English or the negative past tense auxiliary do+n't.

refference
 http://microsyntax.sites.yale.edu